Principal Languages of India
India has 22 languages which have been given the grade of National Languages.
Assamese :
- It is an Indo – Aryan language and is the official language of Assam.
Bengali :
- It is one of the leading Indo – Aryan language and is die official language of West Bengal – Gujarati.
- It is an Indo – Aryan language and is the official language of Gujarat.
Hindi :
- The largest spoken Indo – Aryan language.
- It is the official language of the Government of India.
- Various dialects of Hindi are Khariboli, Brajbhasha, Bundeli, Awadhi, Marwari, Maithili and Bhojpuri.
- In 6 States and UTs, Hindi is the official language.
Kannada :
- It belongs to the Dravidian family & is the official langauge of Karnataka.
Kashmiri :
- It is an Indo – Aryan language.
- It is often mistaken as the official language of Jammu and Kashmir.
Konkani :
- It is the official language of Goa and is spoken by thousands of Konkanis in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala.
- It was added in 1992 by 71st Amendment.
Malayalam :
- Belong to the Dravidian family and is the official language of Kerala.
Manipuri :
- It is the official language of Manipur.
- It was added in 1992 by 71st Amendment.
Marathi :
- It is an Indo – Aryan language and is the official language of Maharashtra.
Nepali :
- It is spoken in parts of UP, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, etc.
- It was added in 1992 by 71st Amendment.
Oriya :
- It is an Indo – Aryan language and is the official language of Orissa.
Punjabi :
- It is an Indo – Aryan language and is the official language of Punjab.
Sanskrit :
- It is one of the earliest languages of the world.
- Early Sanksrit is known as Vedic Sanskrit and covers the period between 2000 and 500 BC.
Sindhi :
- It is an Indo – Aryan language.
- It was added in 1967 by 21st Amendment.
Tamil :
- It is the oldest of the Dravidian languages and is the official language of Tamil Nadu.
Telegu :
- It is numerically the biggest of the Dravidian languages and is the official language of Andhra Pradesh.
Urdu :
- It is die offiical langauge of Jammu and Kashmir.
- Modern Urdu developed due to the efforts of Sir Sayyed Ahmed Khan (1817 – 1898).
Dogri :
- It is generally spoken in Himachal Pradesh and Jammu.
- It is a combination of ancient Sanskrit and Pahari Dogri languages.
- It has been added by the 92nd Constitutional Amendment act, 2003.
Maithili :
- It is chiefly spoken in the Maithilianchal region of Bihar.
- It is the second State language of Bihar.
- It has been added by the 92nd Constitutional Amendment act, 2003.
Santhali :
- It is chiefly spoken in the area of Chhotanagpur Plateau in Jharkhand and Bihar.
- It has been added by the 92nd Constitutional Amendment act, 2003.
Bodo :
- It is chiefly spoken in Assam and its adjoining North – East States.
- It has been added by the 92nd Constitutional Amendment act, 2003.
Comparative Strengths of Scheduled Languages (Census 2001) :
A Million Mutinies Now | V.S. Naipaul |
---|---|
A Midsummer Night's Dream | William Shakespeare |
A Passage to England | Nirad C. Choudhari |
A Passage to India | E.M. Foster |
A Prisoner's Scrapbook | L.K. Advani |
A Sense of Time | H.S. Vatsyayan |
A Strange and Sublime Address | Amit Chaudhary |
A Streetcar Named Desire | Tennesse Williams |
A Study of History Arnold | J. Toynbee |
A Suitable Boy | Vikram Seth |
A Tale of Two Cities | Charles Dickens |
A Thousand Days | Arthur M. Schlesinger |
A Thousand Suns | Dominique Lappierre |
A Village by the Sea | Anita Desai |
A Voice for Freedom | Nayantara Sehgal |
A Week with Gandhi | Louis Fischer |
A Woman's Life | Guy de Maupassant |
Absolute Power | David Baldacci |
Adam Bede | George Eliot |
Adonis | P.B. Shelley |
Adventures of Tom Sawyer | Mark Twain |
Afternoon Raag | Amit Chaudhari |
Agni Veena | Kazi Nazrul Islam |
Akbarnama | Abdul Fazal |
Alice in Wonderland | Lewis Carroll |
All Quiet on the Western Front | Erick Maria Remarque |
All the King's Men | Robert Penn Warren |
All the President's Men | Carl Bernstein & Bob Woodward |
All Things Bright and Beautiful | James Herriot |
All's Well that Ends Well | William Shakespeare |
Amar Kosh | Amar Singh |
An American Dilemma | Gunnar Myrdal |
An American Tragedy | Theodore Dreiser |
An Area of Darkness | V.S. Naipaul |
An Autobiography | Jawaharlal Nehru |
An Equal Music | Vikram Seth |
An Idealist View of Life | Dr. S. Radhakrishnan |
Anandmath | Bankim Chandra Chatterjee |
And Quiet Flows the Don | Mikhail Sholokhov |
Angels in America | Tony Kushner |
Animal Farm | George Orwell |
Anna Karenina | Leo Tolstoy |
Antony and Cleopatra | William Shakespeare |
Ape and Essence | Aldous Huxley |
Around the World in Eighty Days | Jules Verne |
Arrowsmith | Sinclair Lewis |
As You Like It | William Shakespeare |
Asia and Western Dominance | K.M. Panikkar |
Asian Drama | Gunnar Myrdal |
August 1914 | Alexander Solzhenitsyn |
Autobiography of an Unknown Indian | Nirad C. Choudhuri |
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