Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
General Knowledge » Science »Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
I. Pulmonary Volume
- Volume of air in the lungs.
- It is divided into four different types, according to the completely or incompletely filled lungs during breathing.
1. Tidal Volume (TV) : The volume of air inspired or expired involuntarily in each normal breath. It is about 500 ml of air in average young adult man.
2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) : The maximum volume of air which a person can inhale over and above tidal volume by deepest possible voluntary inspiration. It is about 3000 ml.
3. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) : The volume of air which can be expired over] and above the tidal volume with maximum effort. It is about 1100 ml.
4. Residual Volume (RV) : The volume of air left in the lungs even after maximum forceful expiration. It is about 1200 ml.
II. Pulmonary Capacities : Combination of two or more pulmonary volumes.
- Inspiratory Capacity (IC) : TV + IRV. It is about 3500 ml.
- Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) : ERV + RV. It is about 2300 ml.
- Vital Capacity (VC) : IRV + TV + ERV. It is the maximum amount of air a person can expel forcefully from his lungs after first filling these with a maximum deep inspiration. It is about 4600 ml.
- Total Lung Capacity (TLC) : TV + IRV + RV + ERV. It is about 5800 ml.
Note :
All pulmonary volume and capacities are about 20% to 25% less in women than in men, more in athletic people than non – exercising ones and more in non smokers than the smokers.
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Respiratory Disorders in Human Body
Asphyxia : It is a condition caused by increase in CO2 concentration in tissue.
Hypoxia : Shortage of oxygen supply to body.
Hypopnoea : Slow breathing.
Hyperpnoea : Rapid breathing.
Apnoea : No breathing.
Dyspnoea : Painful breathing except in upright position.
Orthopnoea : Difficult breathing.
Tachypnoea : Rapid shallow breathing.
COPD : Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease which includes Emphysema, Chronic bronchitis and Asthma.
Emphysema : A situation of ‘short breath’ due to die break down of alveolar walls and reduction of respiratory area as it happens due to smoking.
Tuberculosis : A bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Pneumonia : Infection of lungs by Diplococcus pneumonia and leads to accumulation of mucous and lymph in alveoli, impairing gaseous exchange.
Whooping cough or Pertussis : An infectious disease caused by bacterium Bordetella pertussis.
Asthma : Difficult breathing due to spasm in bronchial muscles and narrowing of bronchi.
Sleep Apnoea Syndrome (SAS) : Persons with snoring habit suffer with sleep apnoea syndrome because their upper respiratory tract closes on inhalation leading to apnoea and sleep breaks.
Cough : A reflex in lower respiratory passages followed by forceful expulsion of air to remove any irritant.
Sneeze : A reflex similar to cough but applies to nasal passageways instead of lower respiratory passages.
Hypercapnia : Excess of CO2 in the body.
Cyanosis : Means blueness of skin because of excessive amount of deoxygenated haemoglobin.
Atelectasis : Means collapse of alveoli. Lack of surfactant also leads to atelectasis.
Hiccups : Exact reason unknown; due to spasmodic contraction of diaphragm (possibly due to irritation of phrenic nerve which supplies the diaphragm).
Pleurisy : Inflammation of pleural membrane causing severe chest pain.
| S. No. | Name | Location | Area |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Indian Botanic Garden | Howrah | 212 ha |
| 2. | Botanic Garden of India | Noida | 80 ha |
| 3. | Experimental Botanic Garden Andaman & Nicobar Circle | Dhanikheri | 30 ha |
| 4. | Experimental Botanic Garden Arunachal Field Station | Sankie View | 48 ha |
| 5. | Experimental Botanic Garden Arid Zone Circle | Jodhpur | 4 ha |
| 6. | Experimental Botanic Garden Central Circle | Allahabad | 3 ha |
| 7. | Experimental Botanic Garden Eastern Circle (Shillong) | Barapani | 10.4 ha |
| 8. | Experimental Botanic Garden Northern Circle | Pauri | 14 ha |
| 9. | Experimental Botanic Garden Northern Circle | Khirsu | 8 ha |
| 10. | Experimental Botanic Garden Northern Circle | Dehradun | 2 ha |
| 11. | Experimental Botanic Garden Sikkim Himalayan Circle | Gangtok | 1.5 ha |
| 12. | Experimental Botanic Garden Southern Circle | Yercaud | 18.6 ha |
| 13. | Experimental Botanic Garden Western Circle | Mundhwa (Pune) | 17.8 ha |
